Ischaemia with nonobstructive coronary arteries (INOCA) is an increasingly recognised cause of persistent angina. Its management is dependent on the underlying subtype. GPs play an essential role in diagnosis and prompt referral for further investigation.
Accurate interpretation of an athlete’s ECG is needed to ensure that underlying cardiac pathology is detected and appropriately managed and unnecessary further investigations are not pursued.
A proposed universal definition and classification of this complex clinical syndrome allows for a standardised international approach to diagnosis and aims to make the stages of heart failure and goals of treatment clearer for GPs.
